PS 80-51 - Predator nematodes decline with long-term CO2 enrichment

Friday, August 7, 2009
Exhibit Hall NE & SE, Albuquerque Convention Center
Anita Antoninka, Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, Peter B. Reich, Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN and Nancy C. Johnson, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ
Background/Question/Methods

Changing resource availability either above- or belowground can alter the structure and function of soil food webs. Understanding how soil food webs respond to long-term carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N) enrichment either directly, or indirectly through plant community change, is important for predicting ecosystem responses to these global change factors. Nematode communities can be an excellent indicator of soil food web responses to resource enrichment because community members feed across many trophic levels. We studied responses of nematode feeding guilds to CO2 and N enrichment in a Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment at Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve, MN, USA. Nematode communities were assessed from field samples collected after nine years of treatment with all factorial combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 (360 or 560 ppm) and ambient or elevated N (0 or 4 g N m­-2 y-1).

Results/Conclusions

The overall community structure and abundance of nematodes was not affected by CO2 or N enrichment. Likewise, no changes were found in the abundance of bacterial feeders, fungal feeders, plant feeders or omnivores. However, there were 50% fewer predators in the elevated CO2 treatment (p<0.0001). This unexpected result may indicate that either the abundance or quality of preferred prey is impacted by CO2 enrichment. Vector analysis revealed that the non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) axis most strongly related to predator abundance (r=0.45) was aligned with the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae (r=0.34), as well as the amount of organic matter (r=-0.21) and N (r=0.21) in the soil. Vectors corresponding to other NMS axes revealed that the nematode trophic community structure was also affected by AMF spore abundance (r=0.27), as well as organic matter (r=-0.24) and soil texture (r=-0.29). Changes in these factors under elevated CO2 could alter the feeding patterns of nematodes in lower trophic levels and the abundance of particular species within a trophic level, resulting in a non-additive effect on predator abundance. A causal model relating measured biotic and abiotic variables to predatory nematode abundance will be presented. These results demonstrate that CO2 enrichment can generate indirect effects which influence the structure of soil food webs such that the abundance of predatory nematodes is reduced. Future studies should examine how this change in trophic structure may impact the stability and functioning of soil food webs and consequently ecosystem function.

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