Biodiversity, food security, and nutrient management in Mesoamerican homegardens

The region of Mesoamerica is densely populated and it suffers from poverty and malnutrition both in urban and rural areas. It is home to the Mayan civilization that  practiced sustainable agricultural systems, involving many native crops and soil conservation strategies, for centuries.  The homegardens, which provide the household with a basic food source as well as high value products to generate cash are important in Mesoamerica, and are often used as tools in development projects that promote food security especially in the poorest areas of Mesoamerica.  The Mesoamerican homegardens are quite diverse in vertical and horizontal structure and species composition. Both exotic and native plants are used, with emphasis on fruit trees. Domestic animals, especially chickens and pigs, add protein to a diet that is generally protein-deficient. Many indigenous communities (descendants of the ancient Maya), still manage these homegardens using techniques that include residue management and ash deposition, thus enhancing nutrient recycling and conservation. Carbon sequestration may be important due to the efficient capture of solar radiation in the multi-layered homegardens, although its global or regional importance is minimal due to the relatively small area under the homegarden system. There is a potential for higher carbon sequestration in soils through residue management.  Management strategies that promote nutrient recycling and maintain high species diversity should be encouraged to ensure sustainability of homegardens in the region.