A scientific framework for biodiversity research in the mixed coniferous-deciduous forests, North Asia

Background/Question/Methods The mechanisms of biodiversity maintenance represent one of the key questions in Ecology. To address this question, we have established a research platform in the mixed coniferous and deciduous forest in North Asia ( 40°-60°N). Compared to the other forests at the same latitude, the mixed forest contains higher biodiversity. Though most areas in this region have never been glaciated since Pleistocene, historical climate changes have affected the species distribution and evolution. There are still some relict forest fragments due to the short human disturbance history since 1896. Therefore, the mixed forest provides an unique opportunity to uncover the historical and contemporary processes underlying biodiversity patterns. Based on this research platform, three main questions are being addressed: (1) what is the biodiversity pattern, including taxonomic/phylogenetic diversity, genetic diversity and functional diversity? (2) How has the biodiversity in this region evolved? What is the relative role of local and regional processes? (3) What is the relationship between plants and animals within the forest? Neutral and adaptive genetic markers are utilized to characterize the biodiversity pattern of more than 25 natural fragments. Phylogenetic and population genetic approach are used to infer the underlying processes. We have established 25-30 ha forest plots to monitor the dynamics of these forest communities. Camera trap, track survey, snow-track survey, Pellet-group plot counting are used to assess the flagship species of Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) and its prey. Habitat preference is evaluated through forest structure investigation data and remote sensing data.

Results/Conclusions

This is a large-scale and long-term research project. We have some preliminary findings now and more research will continue. The chloroplast genetic diversity pattern of seven tree species (or species complex), dominant in the mixed forest, has been characterized. Only two species complexes (Quercus and Tilia) exhibit substantial genetic variations, which indicates a recent colonization history of many species. More polymorphic nuclear markers and more species are being analyzed in our ongoing research.

Camera traps have recorded the appearance of the Amur tiger and Amur Leopard several times along the Sino-Russia border. The Amur tiger tends to migrate to China where only a small population exists. The population persistence of the Amur tiger and its prey species relies on the mixed forest which is the primary habitat for the largest cat in the world.