COS 165-9 - Evaluating model predictions of carbon fluxes for Amazonian rainforests under chronic and severe drought

Thursday, August 9, 2012: 4:20 PM
Portland Blrm 257, Oregon Convention Center
Thomas Powell1, David Galbraith2, Bradley J. Christoffersen3, Anna Harper4, Hewlley Imbuzeiro5, Lucy Rowland6, Paulo M. Brando7, ACL da Costa8, Marcos H. Costa9, Naomi M. Levine10, Yadvinder Malhi11, Scott R. Saleska12, Mat Williams6, Patrick Meir6 and Paul R. Moorcroft13, (1)Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, (2)School of Geography, University of Leeds, (3)Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, (4)Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, (5)Grupo de Pesquisas em Interação Atmosfera-Biosfera, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil, (6)School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, (7)Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Brasília, Brazil, (8)Geosciences, Federal University of Para, Belem, (9)Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil, (10)Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, (11)Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, (12)Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, (13)Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Dept., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
Background/Question/Methods

As the largest tropical forest in the world, Amazonia accounts for 15% of terrestrial productivity. Precipitation across the basin is predicted to decline as global climate change and regional land transformation continue through this century. This study evaluated predictions of site-level gross, net and component ecosystem C-fluxes by five land-surface models (ED2, IBIS, JULES, CLM3.5, SiB3) and one site-specific carbon and hydrodynamic model (SPA) for two Brazilian Amazon rainforests (Tapajos and Caxiuana National Forests) when precipitation was reduced by 0%, 30%, 50% or 80% for 7 years. All simulations followed a standardize protocol that included common site-level meteorological drivers, spin-up procedures, and edaphic properties. Model output was compared against reported C-fluxes from long-term, large-scale, in situ drought experiments conducted at the two rainforest sites. 

Results/Conclusions

For both sites, the ensemble annual mean prediction of net ecosystem production of carbon shifted from a sink to a source when precipitation was reduced by 50%.  However, considerable variation in model predictions of the component C-fluxes implicated contrasting mechanisms causing the shift in net ecosystem production.  Also, no single model consistently outperformed any of the others across precipitation levels, sites or C-flux variables.  Three key findings emerged from this study that explained much of the discrepancy in predicted C-fluxes among the models and between model predictions and observations.  First, the soil water-stress function was too simplistic in the five regional models to realistically characterize the stomatal response to drying soil.  This consequently led to unrealistic diurnal and/or longer-term patterns of gross primary production at both sites under drought conditions.  Second, the large differences in the magnitude of the change of simulated heterotrophic respiration under drought were explained by relatively large differences both in the change of the soil C-pool and the sensitivity to soil moisture prescribed in each model.  Third, in contrast to reported observations, most models incorrectly predicted a significant reduction in autotrophic respiration as drought conditions persisted.  This study elucidates where model development efforts should be concentrated in order to increase our confidence in predicting the fate of a drier future Amazon forest.