Western scientists, resource managers and policy makers worldwide increasingly recognize Indigenous Peoples’ traditional knowledge and techniques for sustaining and enhancing their resources. At the same time there is growing appreciation of potential applications of Indigenous management approaches in biological conservation and ecological restoration, as well as in cultural renewal. This talk tracks some of the milestones in recognition of Indigenous land and resource management systems, focusing on examples from northwestern North America, including prairie and savannah maintenance, berry production, salmon and clam enhancement, tending of seaweed and eelgrass, estuarine gardens and forest management. Indigenous management systems tend to maintain a diversity of seral stages through application of low and medium level disturbance regimes in patches across different ecosystems. These cultural practices, which can be considered the original “integrated resource management” systems, usually involve multiple species, managed over extended time periods and across diverse habitats. However, a range of impacts has endangered Indigenous people’s systems of sustaining the species and environments of their home places. Often acting cumulatively, these includeloss of access to resource areas, government regulations against use or management practices such as landscape burning, cultural assimilation, environmental deterioration, resource commodification and increasingly globalized economies. Today, with the growing recognition of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights, the importance and relevance of Traditional Land and Resource Management systems, and the need for and benefits of collaboration and co-management in ecosystem-based management, we can envision a future featuring the renewal of both biological and cultural diversity.