PS 88-187
Does domestication and breeding of wheat reduced plant dependence on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi?
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiotic associations are believed to be as ancient as land plants and can play important roles in nutrient acquisition and stress tolerance of wild plants. Recent emphasis on sustainable agricultural production has re-drawn the attention towards exploring the benefits of those associations in agronomic crops. However, it is often believed that crop domestication and modern breeding processes reduced the dependency of crop plants on mycorrhizae. Yet, convincing evidence is still lacking, particularly in the field setting. We examined the mycorrhizal dependency of wheat plants and their wild relatives in both field and greenhouse experiments. In the field experiment, two hundred wheat cultivars or lines generated from 1850 to 2010 were planted into two soils with distinct fertility levels. In the greenhouse experiment, twenty-two wheat cultivars and their three wild relatives were grown to two different soils to examine their mycorrhizal infection and their dependence on mycorrhizally mediated N acquisition. 15N-enriched residues were placed into hyphae-ingrowth cores to quantify mycorrhizal transfer of N. We hypothesize that mycorrhizal infection and mycorrhizally mediated N transfer decreased along the time consecutively.
Results/Conclusions
Contrary to our hypothesis, domestication and breeding did not significantly reduce mycorrhizal infection of wheat roots. Wheat cultivars or lines generated in different time periods had different mycorrhizal infection rates. Compared to the wild relatives, early cultivars or lines (before 1950) indeed had a small, but significant increase in the mycorrhizal infection rate, suggesting that traditional human selection may have unintentionally retained the plants that had close associations with AMF. Cultivars or lines generated since 1960 had significantly lower infection rates than the earlier ones did. The shift in mycorrhizal infection of roots coincided with the large-scale application of synthetic chemical N fertilizers, suggesting that high mineral N availability may have reduced plant dependency on AMF. Whether the observed changes in mycorrhizal infection result in a change in mycorrhizal functions in plant nutrition is still unknown, but the 15N data from our ongoing experiments should help us answer this question.